{"id":14,"date":"2021-07-05T03:45:04","date_gmt":"2021-07-05T03:45:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/?p=14"},"modified":"2022-06-15T14:59:56","modified_gmt":"2022-06-15T14:59:56","slug":"frog-skeleton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/","title":{"rendered":"Frog Skeleton: An Overview (with Diagrams)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The skeleton of a frog includes many parts; around 140 bones (depending on the species).  Frogs are tetrapod vertebrates (having four legs and a backbone) with the unique ability to leap many times the length of their body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On this page, we will take a closer look at a frog skeleton and explore the different parts with the help of diagrams and pictures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-662da154dd4fc\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-662da154dd4fc\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#frog-skeleton\" title=\"Frog Skeleton\">Frog Skeleton<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#a-frogs-skull\" title=\"A Frog&#8217;s Skull\">A Frog&#8217;s Skull<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#shapes-and-differences-in-frog-skulls\" title=\"Shapes and Differences in Frog Skulls\">Shapes and Differences in Frog Skulls<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#a-frogs-vertebral-column-backbone\" title=\"A Frog&#8217;s Vertebral Column (Backbone)\">A Frog&#8217;s Vertebral Column (Backbone)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#absence-of-neck-tail-and-ribs\" title=\"Absence of Neck, Tail, and Ribs\">Absence of Neck, Tail, and Ribs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#a-frogs-girdles\" title=\"A Frog&#8217;s Girdles\">A Frog&#8217;s Girdles<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#pectoral-girdle\" title=\"Pectoral Girdle\">Pectoral Girdle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#pelvic-girdle\" title=\"Pelvic Girdle\">Pelvic Girdle<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#a-frogs-limbs\" title=\"A Frog&#8217;s Limbs\">A Frog&#8217;s Limbs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#ossification-cartilage-bone\" title=\"Ossification: Cartilage &amp; Bone\">Ossification: Cartilage &amp; Bone<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#fun-resources-to-learn-more-about-frog-skeletons\" title=\"Fun Resources to Learn More About Frog Skeletons\">Fun Resources to Learn More About Frog Skeletons<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/frog-skeleton\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"frog-skeleton\"><\/span>Frog Skeleton<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image-map-pro-image-map-pro\"><div id=\"image-map-pro-1353\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Refer to the interactive diagram above to learn where each part is located.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Maxilla<\/strong> &#8211; Forms the upper jawbone<\/li><li><strong>Atlast<\/strong> &#8211; The top part of a backbone<\/li><li><strong>Suprascapula<\/strong> &#8211; Shoulder blade<\/li><li><strong>Vertebrae<\/strong> &#8211; Individual bones that form the spine<\/li><li><strong>Sacral Vertebra<\/strong> &#8211; A bone below the last vertebra, positioned between the hips<\/li><li><strong>Urostyle<\/strong> &#8211; A long, thin bone at the base of the lower vertebrates<\/li><li><strong>Ilium<\/strong> &#8211; A flat bone stretching backward from the Sacral Vertebra<\/li><li><strong>Femur<\/strong> &#8211; Upper bone of the rear limb<\/li><li><strong>Tibiofibula<\/strong> &#8211; A single bone commonly known as the shinbone<\/li><li><strong>Tarsus<\/strong> &#8211; Several bones formed between the Tibiofibula and Metatarsus<\/li><li><strong>Metatarsus<\/strong> &#8211; Bones forming the foot of a limb<\/li><li><strong>Phalanges<\/strong> &#8211; Several bones forming fingers or toes of a limb<\/li><li><strong>Humerus<\/strong> &#8211; Upper bone of the front limb<\/li><li><strong>Radio-ulna<\/strong> &#8211; A forelimb bone<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For a more detailed diagram, check out <a href=\"http:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/57537\/1\/Exercise%201%20Frog%20Skeleton.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this PDF on the study of esteology of frog<\/a> by IGNOU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-frogs-skull\"><\/span>A Frog&#8217;s Skull<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skull-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Skull Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skull-diagram.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skull-diagram-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skull-diagram-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>The skull of a frog. Illustration by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A frog&#8217;s skull consists of three main regions: Cranium, Sense Capsules, and Jaws. Moreover, a frog&#8217;s skull is generally known for having a triangular shape and incomplete ossification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ossification refers to bone formation &#8211; the process of soft tissues becoming hardened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Cranium<\/strong> &#8211; The front of a frog&#8217;s cranium is more developed than the back. It serves to protect the brain.<\/li><li><strong>Sense Capsules<\/strong> &#8211; Cartilaginous cavities which contain the sensory organs: eyes, nose, etc.<\/li><li><strong>Jaws<\/strong> &#8211; The upper and lower jaws support the border of the mouth.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"shapes-and-differences-in-frog-skulls\"><\/span>Shapes and Differences in Frog Skulls<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Accord to researchers <sup><a href=\"#footnote_0_14\" id=\"identifier_0_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Paluh, Daniel J., et al. &ldquo;Evolution of Hyperossification Expands Skull Diversity in Frogs.&rdquo;&nbsp;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 15, 2020, pp. 8554&ndash;62.&nbsp;Crossref, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2000872117\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, Anurans (frogs and toads) have evolved <strong>hyperossification<\/strong> at least 25 times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hyperossification is the formation of more bone material than what is typical. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ceratophrys-cornuta-skeleton.jpg\" alt=\"Ceratophrys cornuta skeleton\" class=\"wp-image-186\" width=\"400\" height=\"306\"\/><figcaption>Skeleton of an Amazon Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) Photo by: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ceratophrys_cornuta_skeleton_front.jpg\">Mokele Wikimedia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">(CC BY 3.0)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A good example of this is seen in the Amazon Horned Frog. They have a rather large skull in proportion to their body (see the picture above). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The large skull, accompanied by a wide jaw, gives them the ability to eat larger prey. Having that ability helps ensure their survival. Adult Amazon Horned Frogs, commonly known as &#8220;Pacman Frogs&#8221;, are capable of swallowing small animals like lizards, other frogs, snakes, and even birds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wpbf-notices wpbf-block wpbf-block-notices wpbf-content-justified-left\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wpbf-notice wpbf-block wpbf-block-notice wpbf-notice\">Frogs have seemingly smooth skulls from the outside. In some instances, as you&#8217;re about to learn, that&#8217;s not the case.<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Bruno&#8217;s casque-headed frog (Aparasphenodon brunoi) and Greening&#8217;s Frog (Corythomantis greeningi) are two prime examples of hyperossification of a frog&#8217;s skull. The head appears smooth from the outside but underneath the skin, both frogs have <strong>tiny spines on their skull<\/strong> &#8211; primarily around their nostrils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/brunos-casque-headed-frog-400x271.jpg\" alt=\"Bruno's Casque-Headed Frog\" class=\"wp-image-471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/brunos-casque-headed-frog-400x271.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/brunos-casque-headed-frog-768x520.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/brunos-casque-headed-frog.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption>Bruno&#8217;s Casque-headed Frog (Aparasphenodon brunoi) Photo by: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Perereca-de-capacete_-_Aparasphenodon_brunoi.jpg\">Renato Augusto Martins Wikimedia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">(CC BY-SA 4.0 )<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, the abnormal amount of bone serves as a defense mechanism. Bruno&#8217;s frog secrets a toxin more powerful than that of a pit vipor <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_14\" id=\"identifier_1_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Jared, Carlos, et al. &ldquo;Venomous Frogs Use Heads as Weapons.&rdquo;&nbsp;Current Biology, vol. 25, no. 16, 2015, pp. 2166&ndash;70.&nbsp;Crossref, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.061\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. If an animal were to bite down on the skull of this frog, the spines could pierce the predator; effectively injecting them with the powerful toxins in their skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-frogs-vertebral-column-backbone\"><\/span>A Frog&#8217;s Vertebral Column (Backbone)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"589\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-spinal-column-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Spinal Column Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-spinal-column-diagram.jpg 589w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-spinal-column-diagram-400x374.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><figcaption>The vertebral column (backbone) of a frog. Illustration by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The vertebral column of frogs contains up to 10 vertebrae<\/strong> <sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_14\" id=\"identifier_2_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Hofrichter, Robert. &ldquo;The Encyclopedia of Amphibians.&rdquo;&nbsp;The Encyclopedia of Amphibians, Gardners Books, 2000, p. 66.\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. This includes the Atlas, which is the first vertebrae, and the Sacral Vertebra which is the last. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As far as similarities go, the first, eighth, and ninth vertebra have a different shape than the others. In between the first, eighth, and ninth vertebra are the &#8220;typical vertebra&#8221; which are aptly named due to their similarities in structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seen directly after the ninth vertebra is the Urostyle. The urostyle is a long, thin bone extended off the bases of the vertebral column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Frogs don&#8217;t have &#8220;true joints&#8221; between the vertebrae. Their embryonic development produces vertebrae that appear to be hollowed out on the front and at the back or on one side only. The entire backbone serves to protect the spinal cord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"absence-of-neck-tail-and-ribs\"><\/span>Absence of Neck, Tail, and Ribs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The neck is a skeletal structure found in most vertebrates but not in frogs. Frogs and toads cannot turn their heads because they lack a neck. They are also unable to raise or lower their heads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Actually, a frog&#8217;s body is perfectly designed for jumping<sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_14\" id=\"identifier_3_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Jorgensen, M. E., and S. M. Reilly. &ldquo;Phylogenetic Patterns of Skeletal Morphometrics and Pelvic Traits in Relation to Locomotor Mode in Frogs.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 26, no. 5, 2013, pp. 929&ndash;43.&nbsp;Crossref, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.12128.\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. A neck would make the frog vulnerable while jumping, just as a tail would get in the way when jumping (which is why frogs have lost their tails and developed a urostyle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A wrong turn of the head could result in a broken neck and death. Frogs move more safely because of their shorter, rigid spine and lack of a neck.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One more unique feature is that they don&#8217;t have ribs. The frog&#8217;s inhalation process is different from humans. The role of ribs and diaphragm in humans helps to decrease pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to flow in by expanding the chest cavity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Frogs breathe through dilation and contraction of the buccopharyngeal cavity. In the dilation process, the frog&#8217;s mouth is closed while air is inhaled through the nostrils. Then, keeping the nostrils\u00a0closed and the glottis open, air passes from the buccopharyngeal cavity\u00a0to the lungs. For exhalation, the glottis and nostrils both open while air is exhaled from the lungs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-frogs-girdles\"><\/span>A Frog&#8217;s Girdles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Frogs have two girdles; <strong>the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle<\/strong>. A girdle is a structure of bones that connects limbs to the main axis of the body. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of amphibians, the pectoral or shoulder girdle is a series of bones that connects the front limbs to the axis of the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pectoral-girdle\"><\/span>Pectoral Girdle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pectoral-girdle-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Pectoral Girdle Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pectoral-girdle-diagram.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pectoral-girdle-diagram-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pectoral-girdle-diagram-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Bones in the Pectoral Girdle of a Frog (ventral). Illustration by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The illustration above is the ventral (underneath) view of a frog&#8217;s pectoral girdle. To get a better visual, look at the Suprascapula. The Suprascapula is the shoulder, as seen from the underside of the frog&#8217;s skeleton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Episternum<\/strong> is the upper part of the sternum. <\/li><li><strong>Omosternum<\/strong> is in between the episternum and clavicle on a frog.<\/li><li><strong>Clavicle<\/strong> is essentially a frog&#8217;s collarbone. It is in between the shoulder and sternum.<\/li><li><strong>Humerus<\/strong> is the first bone in the front leg of a frog. It runs between the shoulder and elbow.<\/li><li><strong>Procoracoid<\/strong> is the amphibian equivalent of a coracoid <sup><a href=\"#footnote_4_14\" id=\"identifier_4_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Vickaryous, Matthew K., and Brian K. Hall. &ldquo;Homology of the Reptilian Coracoid and a Reappraisal of the Evolution and Development of the Amniote Pectoral Apparatus.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of Anatomy, vol. 208, no. 3, 2006, pp. 263&ndash;85.&nbsp;Crossref, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00542.x\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/li><li><strong>Sternum<\/strong> is connected between each half of the pectoral girdle, between the Xiphisternum and Propcoracoid.<\/li><li><strong>Xiphisternum<\/strong> is the lowest piece of the sternum.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The parts listed in this diagram are by no means everything!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pelvic-girdle\"><\/span>Pelvic Girdle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pelvic-girdle-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Pelvic Girdle Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pelvic-girdle-diagram.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pelvic-girdle-diagram-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-pelvic-girdle-diagram-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>A frog&#8217;s pelvic girdle. Illustration by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The illustration above is the dorsal (top) view of a frog&#8217;s skeleton. More specifically, it&#8217;s the pelvic girdle of a frog. As for our picture, only five parts are labeled and as such, it&#8217;s not the most in-depth diagram but it works as a basic overview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Ilium<\/strong> &#8211; A bone forming the upper part of the pelvis<\/li><li><strong>Urostyle<\/strong> &#8211; Formed from fused vertebrae at the base of the backbone<\/li><li><strong>Acetabulum<\/strong> &#8211; A socket of a frog&#8217;s hip, in which the femur bone fits<\/li><li><strong>Ischium<\/strong> &#8211; A curved bone at the base of the pelvis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-frogs-limbs\"><\/span>A Frog&#8217;s Limbs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-foot-skeleton-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Foot Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-foot-skeleton-diagram.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-foot-skeleton-diagram-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-foot-skeleton-diagram-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Bones in the foot of a frog. Illustration by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The hind limbs of a frog consist of the femur, tibiofibula, tarsus, and feet. The femur, Tibiofibula, and tarsus are labeled in the diagram at the top of the page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Upon closer inspection of the foot, you&#8217;ll find the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wpbf-notices wpbf-block wpbf-block-notices wpbf-content-justified-left\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wpbf-notice wpbf-block wpbf-block-notice wpbf-notice\">The &#8220;phalangeal formula&#8221; is a term that includes both toes and fingers. It compares the number of phalanges on each digital.<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>(most) Anuran have a <strong>phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-4-3 on their toes<\/strong>.<\/li><li>(most) Anuran have a <strong>phalangeal formula of 1-2-3-2 on their fingers<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s not uncommon to see frogs or toads with a phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-3 on their fingers. Keep in mind, not all are the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Most frogs have five digitals on their feet (toes) and four digits on their hands (fingers)<\/strong>. To make a simple comparison, phalanges are like fingers (or toes) while the tarsals and metatarsals form the foot. You can see both labeled in the diagram above. As for the hands, which I didn&#8217;t provide a diagram for (sorry), the carpal bone and metacarpus form the hand while the phalanges are the fingers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ossification-cartilage-bone\"><\/span>Ossification: Cartilage &amp; Bone<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As you already know, frogs begin their life in a larval form, as tadpoles. The first stage begins with the eggs being laid and fertilized, which typically happens outside of the female&#8217;s body. A clutch or string of eggs is gently laid in pools of water, streams, ponds, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tadpoles grow within the eggs and eventually hatch into water. At this point, they don&#8217;t have bones. They&#8217;re comprised of cartilaginous tissue. As you can see by the pictures of the adult frogs below, that obviously changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ossification is the natural process of bone formation. During metamorphosis and the early parts of a froglet&#8217;s life, some of its cartilaginous tissue forms into bones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fun-resources-to-learn-more-about-frog-skeletons\"><\/span>Fun Resources to Learn More About Frog Skeletons<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This page covered the basic parts of a frog&#8217;s skeleton. It was meant to be easily digestible for hobbyists that want to learn more about the skeletal system but not necessarily study the topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-02.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Skeleton\" class=\"wp-image-216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-02.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-02-400x276.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-02-768x530.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Photo by: Ian photowind \/ Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-01.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Skeleton\" class=\"wp-image-215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-01-400x282.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-skeleton-01-768x541.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Photo by: Ian Dikhtiar \/ Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>If you, on the other hand, would like to study this topic in more detail, well, I&#8217;ll point you in the right direction! In the table below, there are two academic sources about frog skeletons. In addition to this, there is also a link to an iOS and Android app with a 3D frog skeleton!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Format<\/th><th>Topic and Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Web<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.notesonzoology.com\/frog\/endoskeleton-of-indian-frog-with-diagram-chordata-zoology\/8261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Study of the Endoskeleton of Indian Frog<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PDF<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/57537\/1\/Exercise%201%20Frog%20Skeleton.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Study of Osteology of Frog: Disarticulated Skeleton<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>iOS<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/3d-frog-skeleton\/id791259342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">3D Frog Skeleton App<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Android<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.biosphera.frogskeleton&amp;hl=en_US&amp;gl=US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">3D Frog Skeleton App<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I truly hope this piece of content was helpful to you! I hope you learned something. If you found this interesting, I bet you would find a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/4d-vision-frog-anatomy-model\/\">4D frog anatomy model<\/a> enjoyable as well!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-anatomy-model-right-side.jpg\" alt=\"Frog Anatomy Model (Right Side)\" class=\"wp-image-235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-anatomy-model-right-side.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-anatomy-model-right-side-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mramphibian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/frog-anatomy-model-right-side-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>It&#8217;s so cool! I found it while researching this topic. It&#8217;s a sculpture of a frog, complete with 31 pieces. It&#8217;s meant to expose the different parts (anatomy) of a frog; skeleton, muscle, intestines, etc. Photo by: Mr. Amphibian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, if you find frogs or amphibians interesting, take a look around the website. I&#8217;m constantly adding informational posts like this, usually with custom illustrations, diagrams, and pictures. You&#8217;ll find care guides for keeping amphibians as pets, too!<\/p>\n<hr\/>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_0_14\" class=\"footnote\">Paluh, Daniel J., et al. \u201cEvolution of Hyperossification Expands Skull Diversity in Frogs.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, vol. 117, no. 15, 2020, pp. 8554\u201362.&nbsp;<em>Crossref<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2000872117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2000872117<\/a><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_0_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_1_14\" class=\"footnote\">Jared, Carlos, et al. \u201cVenomous Frogs Use Heads as Weapons.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Current Biology<\/em>, vol. 25, no. 16, 2015, pp. 2166\u201370.&nbsp;<em>Crossref<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.061<\/a><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_14\" class=\"footnote\">Hofrichter, Robert. \u201cThe Encyclopedia of Amphibians.\u201d&nbsp;<em>The Encyclopedia of Amphibians<\/em>, Gardners Books, 2000, p. 66.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_2_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_14\" class=\"footnote\">Jorgensen, M. E., and S. M. Reilly. \u201cPhylogenetic Patterns of Skeletal Morphometrics and Pelvic Traits in Relation to Locomotor Mode in Frogs.\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal of Evolutionary Biology<\/em>, vol. 26, no. 5, 2013, pp. 929\u201343.\u00a0<em>Crossref<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.12128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.12128<\/a>.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_3_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_14\" class=\"footnote\">Vickaryous, Matthew K., and Brian K. Hall. \u201cHomology of the Reptilian Coracoid and a Reappraisal of the Evolution and Development of the Amniote Pectoral Apparatus.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of Anatomy<\/em>, vol. 208, no. 3, 2006, pp. 263\u201385.&nbsp;<em>Crossref<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00542.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00542.x<\/a><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_4_14\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The skeleton of a frog includes many parts; around 140 bones (depending on the species). Frogs are tetrapod vertebrates (having four legs and a backbone)&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":243,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Frog Skeleton: An Overview (with Diagrams) - Mr. Amphibian<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An overview of a Frog&#039;s Skeletal system. 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